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minRTT = propagation delay + extra delay (due to extra circular routes , congestion and router delays)
?T measured= ?t + ?t0t0
(Pseudo-distance)
PD = ?TmeasuredT measured . ?
(Actual distance)
D = ?Tt . ?
PD = (?Tt + ?Tt0). ?
PD = D + ?T0t0 . c?
D = actual distance from the landmark.
C = speed of light
a ? = X(c) i.e. Speed of digital info in fiber optic cable
X = factor of c with which digital info travels in fiber optic cable.
?T t = actual propagation delay along the greater circle router/paths.
?Tt0 = the extra delay causing overestimation.
PD = pseudo distance
Graphically,