TULIP Triangulation Algorithm

minRTT = propagation delay + extra delay (due to extra circular routes , congestion and router delays)

?T measured= ?t + ?t0  

(Pseudo-distance)

PD = ?T measured . ?

(Actual distance)

D = ?t . ?

PD = (?t + ?t₀). ?

PD = D + ?t0 . ?

D = actual distance from the landmark.

C = speed of light

? = X(c) i.e. Speed of digital info in fiber optic cable

X = factor of c with which digital info travels in fiber optic cable.

?t = actual propagation delay along the greater circle router/paths.

?t₀ = the extra delay causing overestimation.

PD = pseudo distance

Graphically,