PingER and COVID-19

Introduction

This addresses the question of whether the PingER data can identify the impact of COVID-19 on the Internet. According to https://thrivenextgen.com/covid-19-impact-on-internet-performance/ Most Internet Service Providers (ISPs) oversubscribe their bandwidth and networks as typical inbound and outbound traffic are bursty and often don’t sustain high levels on a continuous basis. Fortunately, most of the larger National Providers have had sufficient time to prepare for the impact of COVID-19 and plan for the possibility of business workloads shifting to the home. Regardless of this capacity planning, Internet traffic patterns are about to change drastically based on schools across the country opting for virtual learning and business work from home migrations. Also, Time Magazine April 5/ April 15, 2020, reports that "traffic worldwide is up 35%...Demand is highest in the evening in the past two weeks, says networking firm Century Link."

For example, one might expect that as schools shut, people self-isolate, are sent home from, work from home, lockdowns are imposed etc., physical person-to-person communications would migrate to the Internet and will increase the use of the Internet e.g. by virtual learning, streaming. communicating, gathering information and entertaining. The thought is that this will lead to different Internet patterns and possibly lead to Internet congestion. A study of the impact of COVID-19 on Internet speeds by Ookla ("TRACKING COVID-19’S IMPACT ON GLOBAL INTERNET PERFORMANCE") is directly relevant, however, it is hard to identify any dramatic impact on the latencies in the report. There is also COVID-19 impacts on Internet traffic: Seattle, Northern Italy, and South Korea which looks at the impact on Internet traffic volumes. Also companies such as Netflix, Amazon, Apple, Disney, Google have reduced the quality of their videos to help reduce traffic and congestion of the Internet (see https://www.traffic-masters.net/covid19-web-traffic-statistics/).

PingER uses the ping facility to measure the Round Trip Time (RTT) between about 20 monitoring sites and target hosts in over 160 countries (over 10,000 pairs of monitor-remote(target)_sites). Every 30 minutes the monitor sends up to 30 pings at one-second intervals to each target until there are 10 responses, and records the data which are daily gathered, archived, analyzed and presented at the archiving site.

A timeline for COVID-19 can be found here. Also looking at a map of how the COVID-19 traveled the world or the HealthMap one can see how and when various regions were impacted.
For detailed statistics see:
- Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) – Statistics and Research
- COVID-19 Coronavirus - Update
For the raw data, you can get up-to-date raw data on the coronavirus from Johns Hopkins from their GitHub site: https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19. They have daily summaries and time-series data, both available as CSV files. You just have to browse around a bit to find what you want. To get down to the level of US states and counties see https://github.com/nytimes/covid-19-data
For scientific modeling of the COVAD-19's impacts see:
- The Imperial College London reports on the Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand and Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries.
- Projections for US hospital resources and deaths.

Note that for Europe, US and Canada the Christmas/New Year season (end November thru 2nd week in January) may also be expected to change behaviors.

Milestones and Statistics

The milestones, for the virus itself, include 1st identified case, 1st hospitalization, 1st community case, 1st death.

Other milestones are the social impacts that are more likely to impact the internet traffic. These include social interventions:

Social distancing encouraged
Case-based measures
School closures
Public events banned
Lockdown
Interventions removed

Also, see COVID 19 Internet Usage timeline for how companies have reduced their Internet traffic.

Statistics:

Number of days to double cases
Basic reproduction number R0 the average number of secondary infections produced by an infectious case where everyone is susceptible.
- For R >1 each individual infected by a transmissible disease is expected to infect a number of individuals that increase exponentially. For R< each case transmit the disease to less than one individual and the disease dies out.
Control reproductive number RC, the value of R in the presence of control measures.
Incubation period
Risk of importation
Prpjections on: all beds needed, ICU beds needed, invasive ventilators needed.

Monitoring

The PingER monitor at SLAC, Stanford University in California currently monitors about 100 hosts in China. Using the pingtable.pl web page we selected daily aggregated data from SLAC to China for the last 365 days and looked at various metrics derived from the RTTs. Since many of the targets are Universities that may have taken lockdown measures and sent many students and staff home, we decided to look at the overall impact on SLAC to China pings. To do this we scroll down the pingtable.pl page to summary tables as shown below.

We can cut and paste this table into Excel to enable further analysis and visualization. Also the summary data is analyzed on a regular basis and the results made available as CSV files at https://www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/pinger/prmout/. The file names (e.g.average_rtt-EDU.SLAC.STANFORD.PINGER-continent-allmonthly.csv) provide the metric (average_rtt in example), the Monitoring Agent (EDU-SLAC.STANFORD.PINGER in example), the region (continent or country) and the time window of each data point (or Tick, e.g. monthly (=last 12 months), allmonthly, or allyearly).

China and North America

Looking at the plot of daily average RTTs there is a peak (going from 145ms to 160ms) in minimum (average RTT) from Jan 10 to Jan 24th 2020, plus another spike on Feb 19.

A similar result is seen for the daily minimum RTTs.

Currently I do not know why we see these bumps or what they are telling us.

Looking at the Inter Packet Delay Variation (IPDV, ) a measure of the variability between adjacent ping packet RTTs there is some evidence that the variability reduced between 18th Jan and March 10th 2020. The first person in China to die of the COVID-19 virus was reported on January 10th, and by January 31st there were 9,720 cases in China. Looking in more detail at the Healthmap one sees

Looking in more detail at the Healthmap one sees the dramatic spread of the virus in China between January 13 and January 20, 2020. Thus the drop in IPDV RTTs may indeed be linked to the impact of the growth of COVID-19 infections in China.

January 13, 2020	January 20, 2020

I can see nothing similar when looking at the US and Canada (N. America) IPDV data, maybe the effect is later in the evolution of the virus' impact.

Aggregating the IPDV data monthly for China we see the following where we show the median together with the 25% and 75% going back to September 2017:

Looking at the percent packet loss for China there may be some evidence for a change in the 75%. Thus the impact is seen for a few sites. However, the climb started in August-September 2019 so it is doubtful it is related to COVID-19. This conclusion is confirmed by looking at the monthly aggregates.

For the US and Canada the losses are lower and usually 0% (typically >=90% of the targets show no losses), so instead we show the average maximum losses

PingER monitors two hosts in Hubei: www.hbmy.edu.cn at Hubei University for Nationalities and Hubei University of Automotive Technology and www.huat.edu.cn at the Hubei University of Automotive Technology. The locations of the two Universities is shown below.

The hourly measurements for www.hbmy.edu.cn and www.huat.edu.cn are shown below (one can use the form https://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/ping_data_plot.pl to create such a plot).

In general there are marked diurnal changes. There is a slight increase in RTTs following the Chinese New Year January 25th 2020. Then there is a small step reduction in RTTs March 10, 2020, followed by an increase in the packet losses starting March 18th 2020.

PingER average hourly RTT from SLAC to Hubei University for Nationalities	PingER percent hourly packet loss from SLAC to Hubei University for Nationalities

If we look at the daily aggregates for the packet loss per cent, average RTT and Inter Packet Delay Variation www.hbmy.edu.cn and www.huat.edu.cn from 3/23/2019 thru 3/21/2020 and then expand to see the subset from 1/1/2020 thru 3/21/2020 we get the plots below.

Note that www.

It is clear that there are huge variations in the measurements over the last year. Looking at just 2020 data there does appear to be evidence for an almost factor of 2 change in the IPDVs towards the end of January, in opposite directions for the two hosts. N.b we might expect to see something following the January 23rd lockdown of the Wuhan region. There is a "flutter" in the IPDV around that time, whether it is related to the shutdown is unclear.

Looking at the aggregated monthly IPDVs for the two hosts we see:

Europe

Italy

Italy jumped from three incidents on Friday, February 21 to 229 by the time of WHO’s February 25 situation report

For Italy, PingER monitors 7 hosts. They are in Bologna, Udine, Rome, Pisa and Frascati. These are not the hardest hit areas (see here).

After removing one (vr1dx.fisica.uniud.it) which stopped responding on February 20, 2020 the IPDV for each of the Italian hosts appears as below:

There appears to be a dramatic drop in the IPDV for the target host speed.unidata.it in Bologna between the end of January and Feb 19th. Italy's first COVID-19 case was announced February 19th, thus it is doubtful this drop has anything to do with COVID-19.

A lockdown began for Northern Italy on March 8th and extended to all Italy on March 9th. A plot of the daily IPDV measured from SLAC to 6 Italian hosts together with some COVID-19 milestones is shown below. The milestones are 17 cases diagnosed Feb 21 (including first local transmissions) and 225(105 new) Feb 25. The progress of COVID-16 in Italy can be seen here. There are 6 Italian hosts being monitored from SLAC the values shown are the 25%, median and 75% of the daily IPDV measured for the 6 hosts for the given days.

Spain

There are 4 hosts in Spain monitored by SLAC www.ciemat.es and www.uam.es are in Madrid, speedtest.serevihost.es is in Elda in the province of Alicante in Eastern Spain, and www.ipv6tf.org.

For Spain:

Self isolation was mandated March 17
Social distancing was encouraged March 9
Public events were banned March 14
School closure was ordered March 13
Lockdown was ordered March 14.

More Information.

Timeline of COVID-19

Imperial College reports:

Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand, 16 March 2020

Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries, 30 March 2020

MIDAS Online portal for COVID-19 Modeling Research

Potential Long-term Intervention Strategies for COVID-19

Probably the best source of PingER data is https://www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/pinger/prmout/ which is aggregated data for various metrics by region and time window (or tick).

Excel spreadsheets.

PingER data related to COVID-19 outbreak

COVID-19 cases and deaths by country

covid19-pinger.xlsx

Log-Covid.xlsx

Region

Province/State

Country/Region

Lat

Long

1/22/20

1/23/20

1/24/20

1/25/20

1/26/20

1/27/20

1/28/20

1/29/20

1/30/20

1/31/20

2/1/20

2/2/20

2/3/20

2/4/20

2/5/20

2/6/20

2/7/20

2/8/20

2/9/20

2/10/20

2/11/20

2/12/20

2/13/20

2/14/20

2/15/20

2/16/20

2/17/20

2/18/20

2/19/20

2/20/20

2/21/20

2/22/20

2/23/20

2/24/20

2/25/20

2/26/20

2/27/20

2/28/20

2/29/20

3/1/20

3/2/20

3/3/20

3/4/20

3/5/20

3/6/20

3/7/20

3/8/20

3/9/20

3/10/20

3/11/20

3/12/20

3/13/20

3/14/20

3/15/20

3/16/20

3/17/20

3/18/20

3/19/20

3/20/20

3/21/20

3/22/20

3/23/20

3/24/20

3/25/20

3/26/20

3/27/20

3/28/20

3/29/20

3/30/20

3/31/20

Asia

Hong Kong

China

22.3

114.2

0

2

5

8

10

12

13

15

17

21

24

25

26

29

38

49

50

53

56

57

60

62

63

68

69

74

79

84

91

92

94

95

96

100

105

107

108

114

115

120

126

129

134

140

145

155

162

181

208

256

273

317

356

386

410

453

519

561

641

682

714

Asia

Hubei

China

30.9756

112.2707

444

549

761

1058

1423

3554

4903

5806

7153

11177

13522

16678

19665

22112

24953

27100

29631

31728

33366

48206

54406

56249

58182

59989

61682

62031

62442

62662

64084

64287

64786

65187

65596

65914

66337

66907

67103

67217

67332

67466

67592

67666

67707

67743

67760

67773

67781

67786

67790

67794

67798

67799

67800

67801

Asia

Iran

32

53

0

2

5

18

28

43

61

95

139

245

388

593

978

1501

2336

2922

3513

4747

5823

6566

7161

8042

9000

10075

11364

12729

13938

14991

16169

17361

18407

19644

20610

21638

23049

24811

27017

29406

32332

35408

38309

41495

44605

Asia

Japan

36

138

2

4

7

11

15

20

22

25

26

28

29

43

59

66

74

84

94

105

122

147

159

170

189

214

228

241

256

274

293

331

360

420

461

502

511

581

639

701

773

839

878

889

924

963

1007

1101

1128

1193

1307

1387

1468

1693

1866

1953

Asia

Korea, South

36

128

1

2

3

4

11

12

15

16

19

23

24

25

27

28

29

30

31

104

204

433

602

833

977

1261

1766

2337

3150

3736

4335

5186

5621

6088

6593

7041

7314

7478

7513

7755

7869

7979

8086

8162

8236

8320

8413

8565

8652

8799

8961

9037

9137

9241

9332

9478

9583

9661

9786

Asia

Singapore

1.2833

103.8333

0

1

3

4

5

7

10

13

16

18

24

28

30

33

40

45

47

50

58

67

72

75

77

81

84

85

89

91

93

102

106

108

110

117

130

138

150

160

178

200

212

226

243

266

313

345

385

432

455

509

558

631

683

732

802

844

879

926

Asia

Taiwan*

23.7

121

1

3

4

5

8

9

10

11

16

17

18

20

22

23

24

26

28

30

31

32

34

39

40

41

42

44

45

47

48

49

50

53

59

67

77

100

108

135

153

169

195

215

235

252

267

283

298

306

322

Europe

France

46.2276

2.2137

0

2

3

4

5

6

11

12

14

18

38

57

100

130

191

204

285

377

653

949

1126

1209

1784

2281

3661

4469

4499

6633

7652

9043

10871

12612

14282

16018

19856

22304

25233

29155

32964

37575

40174

44550

52128

Europe

Germany

51

9

0

1

4

5

8

10

12

13

14

16

17

27

46

48

79

130

159

196

262

482

670

799

1040

1176

1457

1908

2078

3675

4585

5795

7272

9257

12327

15320

19848

22213

24873

29056

32986

37323

43938

50871

57695

62095

66885

71808

Europe

Italy

43

12

0

2

3

20

62

155

229

322

453

655

888

1128

1694

2036

2502

3089

3858

4636

5883

7375

9172

10149

12462

17660

21157

24747

27980

31506

35713

41035

47021

53578

59138

63927

69176

74386

80589

86498

92472

97689

101739

105792

Europe

Spain

40

-4

0

1

2

6

13

15

32

45

84

120

165

222

259

400

500

673

1073

1695

2277

5232

6391

7798

9942

11748

13910

17963

20410

25374

28768

35136

39885

49515

57786

65719

73235

80110

87956

95923

UK

United Kingdom

55.3781

-3.436

0

2

3

8

9

13

15

20

23

36

40

51

85

115

163

206

273

321

382

456

798

1140

1543

1950

2626

2689

3983

5018

5683

6650

8077

9529

11658

14543

17089

19522

22141

25150

US

37.0902

-95.7129

1

2

5

7

8

11

12

13

15

51

57

58

60

68

74

98

118

149

217

262

402

518

583

959

1281

1663

2179

2727

3499

4632

6421

7783

13677

19100

25489

33276

43847

53740

65778

83836

101657

121478

140886

161807

188172

Afghanistan

33

65

0

1

4

5

7

11

16

21

22

24

40

74

84

94

110

120

170

174

Albania

41.1533

20.1683

0

2

10

12

23

33

38

42

51

55

59

64

70

76

89

104

123

146

174

186

197

212

223

243

Algeria

28.0339

1.6596

0

1

3

5

12

17

19

20

24

26

37

48

54

60

74

87

90

139

201

230

264

302

367

409

454

511

584

716

Andorra

42.5063

1.5218

0

1

2

39

53

75

88

113

133

164

188

224

267

308

334

370

376

Angola

-11.2027

17.8739

0

1

2

3

4

5

7

Antigua and Barbuda

17.0608

-61.7964

0

1

3

7

Argentina

-38.4161

-63.6167

0

1

2

8

12

17

19

31

34

45

56

68

79

97

128

158

266

301

387

502

589

690

745

820

1054

Armenia

40.0691

45.0382

0

1

4

8

18

26

52

78

84

115

136

160

194

235

249

265

290

329

407

424

482

532

Australian Capital Territory

Australia

-35.4735

149.0124

0

1

2

3

4

6

9

19

32

39

53

62

71

77

78

80

New South Wales

Australia

-33.8688

151.2093

0

3

4

6

13

22

26

28

38

48

55

65

92

112

134

171

210

267

307

353

436

669

818

1029

1219

1405

1617

1791

2032

Northern Territory

Australia

-12.4634

130.8456

0

1

0

1

3

5

6

12

15

17

Queensland

Australia

-28.0167

153.4

0

1

3

2

3

2

3

4

5

9

11

13

15

18

20

35

46

61

68

78

94

144

184

221

259

319

397

443

493

555

625

656

689

743

South Australia

Australia

-34.9285

138.6007

0

1

2

3

5

7

9

16

19

20

29

37

42

50

67

100

134

170

235

257

287

299

305

337

Tasmania

Australia

-41.4545

145.9707

0

1

2

3

5

6

7

10

16

22

28

36

47

62

66

69

Victoria

Australia

-37.8136

144.9631

0

1

2

3

4

7

9

10

11

15

18

21

36

49

57

71

94

121

229

355

411

466

520

574

685

769

821

917

Western Australia

Australia

-31.9505

115.8605

0

2

3

4

6

9

14

17

28

31

35

52

64

90

120

140

175

231

278

311

355

364

Austria

47.5162

14.5501

0

2

3

9

14

18

21

29

41

55

79

104

131

182

246

302

504

655

860

1018

1332

1646

2013

2388

2814

3582

4474

5283

5588

6909

7657

8271

8788

9618

10180

Azerbaijan

40.1431

47.5769

0

3

6

9

11

15

23

28

44

53

65

72

87

93

122

165

182

209

273

298

Bahamas

25.0343

-77.3963

0

1

3

4

5

9

10

11

14

Bahrain

26.0275

50.55

0

1

23

33

36

41

47

49

52

55

60

85

95

110

195

210

214

228

256

278

285

305

334

377

392

419

458

466

476

499

515

567

Bangladesh

23.685

90.3563

0

3

5

8

10

14

17

20

25

27

33

39

44

48

49

51

Barbados

13.1939

-59.5432

0

2

5

6

14

17

18

24

26

33

34

Belarus

53.7098

27.9534

0

1

6

9

12

27

36

51

69

76

81

86

94

152

Belgium

50.8333

4

0

1

2

8

13

23

50

109

169

200

239

267

314

559

689

886

1058

1243

1486

1795

2257

2815

3401

3743

4269

4937

6235

7284

9134

10836

11899

12775

Belize

13.1939

-59.5432

0

1

2

3

Benin

9.3077

2.3158

0

1

2

5

6

9

Bhutan

27.5142

90.4336

0

1

2

3

4

Bolivia

-16.2902

-63.5887

0

2

3

10

11

12

15

19

24

27

29

32

43

61

74

81

97

107

Bosnia and Herzegovina

43.9159

17.6791

0

2

3

5

7

11

13

18

24

25

26

38

63

89

93

126

136

166

176

191

237

258

323

368

420

Botswana

-22.3285

24.6849

0

3

4

Brazil

-14.235

-51.9253

0

1

2

4

13

20

25

31

38

52

151

162

200

321

372

621

793

1021

1546

1924

2247

2554

2985

3417

3904

4256

4579

5717

Brunei

4.5353

114.7277

0

1

11

37

40

50

54

56

68

75

78

83

88

91

104

109

114

115

120

126

127

129

Bulgaria

42.7339

25.4858

0

4

7

23

41

51

52

67

92

94

127

163

187

201

218

242

264

293

331

346

359

399

Burkina Faso

12.2383

-1.5616

0

1

2

3

15

20

33

40

64

75

99

114

146

152

180

207

222

246

261

Burma

21.9162

95.956

0

8

10

14

15

Burundi

-3.3731

29.9189

0

2

Cabo Verde

16.5388

-23.0418

0

1

3

4

5

6

Cambodia

11.55

104.9167

0

1

2

3

5

7

33

35

37

51

53

84

87

91

96

99

103

107

109

Cameroon

3.848

11.5021

0

1

2

4

10

13

20

27

40

56

66

75

91

139

193

Alberta

Canada

53.9333

-116.5765

0

1

2

4

7

19

29

39

56

74

97

119

146

195

259

301

359

358

486

542

621

661

690

British Columbia

Canada

49.2827

-123.1207

0

1

2

4

5

6

7

8

9

12

13

21

27

32

39

46

64

73

103

186

231

271

424

472

617

725

884

970

1013

Grand Princess

Canada

37.6489

-122.6655

0

2

8

9

10

13

Manitoba

Canada

53.7609

-98.8139

0

4

7

8

15

17

18

20

21

35

36

39

64

72

96

103

New Brunswick

Canada

46.5653

-66.4619

0

1

2

6

8

11

17

18

33

45

51

66

68

70

Newfoundland and Labrador

Canada

53.1355

-57.6604

0

1

3

4

6

9

24

35

82

102

120

135

148

152

Nova Scotia

Canada

44.682

-63.7443

0

5

7

12

14

15

21

28

41

51

68

73

90

110

122

127

147

Ontario

Canada

51.2538

-85.3232

0

1

3

4

6

11

15

18

20

22

25

28

29

34

36

41

42

74

79

104

177

185

221

257

308

377

425

503

588

688

858

994

1144

1355

1706

1966

Prince Edward Island

Canada

46.5107

-63.4168

0

1

2

3

5

9

11

18

21

Quebec

Canada

52.9399

-73.5491

0

1

2

3

4

8

9

17

24

50

74

94

121

139

181

219

628

1013

1342

1632

2024

2498

2840

3430

4162

Saskatchewan

Canada

52.9399

-106.4509

0

2

7

8

16

20

26

52

66

72

95

134

156

184

Diamond Princess

Canada

0

Recovered

Canada

0

Northwest Territories

Canada

64.8255

-124.8457

0

1

Yukon

Canada

64.2823

-135

0

3

4

5

Central African Republic

6.6111

20.9394

0

1

3

Chad

15.4542

18.7322

0

1

3

5

7

Chile

-35.6751

-71.543

0

1

4

8

13

23

43

61

74

155

201

238

434

537

632

746

922

1142

1306

1610

1909

2139

2449

2738

Anhui

China

31.8257

117.2264

1

9

15

39

60

70

106

152

200

237

297

340

408

480

530

591

665

733

779

830

860

889

910

934

950

962

973

982

986

987

988

989

990

Beijing

China

40.1824

116.4142

14

22

36

41

68

80

91

111

114

139

168

191

212

228

253

274

297

315

326

337

342

352

366

372

375

380

381

387

393

395

396

399

400

410

411

413

414

418

422

426

428

429

435

436

437

442

452

456

469

480

491

504

522

537

558

561

566

569

573

577

580

Chongqing

China

30.0572

107.874

6

9

27

57

75

110

132

147

182

211

247

300

337

366

389

411

426

428

468

486

505

518

529

537

544

551

553

555

560

567

572

573

575

576

577

578

579

Fujian

China

26.0789

117.9874

1

5

10

18

35

59

80

84

101

120

144

159

179

194

205

215

224

239

250

261

267

272

279

281

285

287

290

292

293

294

296

299

303

313

318

322

328

331

337

338

340

343

Gansu

China

37.8099

101.0583

0

2

4

7

14

19

24

26

29

40

51

55

57

62

67

79

83

86

87

90

91

102

119

120

124

125

127

129

133

134

136

138

Guangdong

China

23.3417

113.4244

26

32

53

78

111

151

207

277

354

436

535

632

725

813

895

970

1034

1095

1131

1159

1177

1219

1241

1261

1294

1316

1322

1328

1331

1332

1333

1339

1342

1345

1347

1348

1349

1350

1351

1352

1353

1356

1360

1361

1364

1370

1378

1395

1400

1413

1415

1428

1433

1448

1456

1467

1475

1484

1494

Guangxi

China

23.8298

108.7881

2

5

23

36

46

51

58

78

87

100

111

127

139

150

168

172

183

195

210

215

222

226

235

237

238

242

244

245

246

249

251

252

253

254

Guizhou

China

26.8154

106.8748

1

3

4

5

7

9

12

29

38

46

58

64

71

81

89

99

109

127

133

135

140

143

144

146

147

146

Hainan

China

19.1959

109.7453

4

5

8

19

22

33

40

43

46

52

62

64

72

80

99

106

117

124

131

138

144

157

159

162

163

168

Hebei

China

39.549

116.1306

1

2

8

13

18

33

48

65

82

96

104

113

126

135

157

172

195

206

218

239

251

265

283

291

300

301

306

307

308

309

311

312

317

318

319

321

Heilongjiang

China

47.862

127.7615

0

2

4

9

15

21

33

38

44

59

80

95

121

155

190

227

277

295

307

331

360

378

395

419

425

445

457

464

470

476

479

480

481

482

483

484

Henan

China

33.882

113.614

5

9

32

83

128

168

206

278

352

422

493

566

675

764

851

914

981

1033

1073

1105

1135

1169

1184

1212

1231

1246

1257

1262

1265

1267

1270

1271

1272

1273

1274

1275

1276

Hunan

China

27.6104

111.7088

4

9

24

43

69

100

143

221

277

332

389

463

521

593

661

711

772

803

838

879

912

946

968

988

1001

1004

1006

1007

1008

1010

1011

1013

1016

1017

1018

Inner Mongolia

China

44.0935

113.9448

0

1

7

11

15

16

19

20

23

27

34

35

42

46

50

52

54

58

60

61

65

68

70

72

73

75

77

89

92

94

95

97

107

Jiangsu

China

32.9711

119.455

1

5

9

18

33

47

70

99

129

168

202

236

271

308

341

373

408

439

468

492

515

543

570

593

604

617

626

629

631

633

636

638

640

641

644

645

646

Jiangxi

China

27.614

115.7221

2

7

18

36

72

109

162

240

286

333

391

476

548

600

661

698

740

771

804

844

872

900

913

925

930

933

934

935

936

937

Jilin

China

43.6661

126.1923

0

1

3

4

6

8

9

14

17

23

31

42

54

59

65

69

78

80

81

83

84

86

88

89

90

91

93

94

95

97

98

Liaoning

China

41.2956

122.6085

2

3

4

17

21

27

34

39

41

48

64

70

74

81

89

94

99

105

107

108

111

116

117

119

121

122

125

126

127

128

132

134

136

139

Macau

China

22.1667

113.55

1

2

5

6

7

8

10

11

12

15

17

18

24

25

30

31

33

37

38

41

Ningxia

China

37.2692

106.1655

1

2

3

4

7

11

12

17

21

26

28

31

34

40

43

45

49

53

58

64

67

70

71

72

73

74

75

Qinghai

China

35.7452

95.9956

0

1

6

8

9

11

13

15

17

18

Shaanxi

China

35.1917

108.8701

0

3

5

15

22

35

46

56

63

87

101

116

128

142

165

173

184

195

208

213

219

225

229

230

232

236

240

242

245

246

247

248

249

250

253

Shandong

China

36.3427

118.1498

2

6

15

27

46

75

95

130

158

184

206

230

259

275

307

347

386

416

444

466

487

497

509

523

532

537

541

543

544

546

749

750

754

755

756

758

760

761

762

764

767

768

769

771

772

773

774

Shanghai

China

31.202

121.4491

9

16

20

33

40

53

66

96

112

135

169

182

203

219

243

257

277

286

293

299

303

311

315

318

326

328

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

342

344

346

353

355

358

361

363

371

380

404

414

433

451

468

485

492

498

509

Shanxi

China

37.5777

112.2922

1

6

9

13

27

35

39

47

66

74

81

96

104

115

119

124

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

Sichuan

China

30.6171

102.7103

5

8

15

28

44

69

90

108

142

177

207

231

254

282

301

321

344

364

386

405

417

436

451

463

470

481

495

508

514

520

525

526

527

529

531

534

538

539

540

541

542

543

545

547

548

550

Tianjin

China

39.3054

117.323

4

8

10

14

23

24

27

31

32

41

48

60

67

69

79

81

88

91

95

106

112

119

120

122

124

125

128

130

131

132

135

136

137

141

145

151

155

161

166

174

Tibet

China

31.6927

88.0924

0

1

Xinjiang

China

41.1129

85.2401

0

2

3

4

5

10

13

14

17

18

21

24

29

32

36

39

42

45

49

55

59

63

65

70

71

75

76

Yunnan

China

24.974

101.487

1

2

5

11

16

26

44

55

70

83

93

105

117

122

128

133

138

141

149

153

154

156

162

168

171

172

174

176

178

180

182

Zhejiang

China

29.1832

120.0934

10

27

43

62

104

128

173

296

428

538

599

661

724

829

895

954

1006

1048

1075

1092

1117

1131

1145

1155

1162

1167

1171

1172

1174

1175

1203

1205

1206

1213

1215

1227

1231

1232

1233

1234

1236

1238

1240

1241

1243

1247

1251

1254

1255

1257

Colombia

4.5709

-74.2973

0

1

3

9

13

22

34

54

65

93

102

128

196

231

277

378

470

491

539

608

702

798

906

Congo (Brazzaville)

-4.0383

21.7587

0

1

3

4

19

Congo (Kinshasa)

-4.0383

21.7587

0

1

2

3

4

14

18

23

30

36

45

48

51

65

81

98

Costa Rica

9.7489

-83.7534

0

1

5

9

13

22

23

26

27

35

41

50

69

89

117

134

158

177

201

231

263

295

314

330

347

Cote d'Ivoire

7.54

-5.5471

0

1

5

6

9

14

25

73

80

96

101

165

168

179

Croatia

45.1

15.2

0

1

3

5

6

7

9

10

11

12

14

19

32

38

49

57

65

81

105

128

206

254

315

382

442

495

586

657

713

790

867

Cuba

22

-80

0

3

4

5

7

11

16

21

35

40

48

57

67

80

119

139

170

186

Cyprus

35.1264

33.4299

0

2

3

6

14

26

33

46

49

67

84

95

116

124

132

146

162

179

214

230

262

Czechia

49.8175

15.473

0

3

5

8

12

18

19

31

41

91

94

141

189

253

298

396

464

694

833

995

1120

1236

1394

1654

1925

2279

2631

2817

3001

3308

Faroe Islands

Denmark

61.8926

-6.9118

0

1

2

3

9

11

18

47

58

72

80

92

115

118

122

132

140

144

155

159

168

169

Greenland

Denmark

71.7069

-42.6043

0

1

2

4

5

6

10

Denmark

56.2639

9.5018

0

1

3

4

6

10

23

35

90

262

442

615

801

827

864

914

977

1057

1151

1255

1326

1395

1450

1591

1724

1877

2046

2201

2395

2577

2860

Diamond Princess

0

61

64

135

175

218

285

355

454

542

621

634

691

705

706

712

Djibouti

11.8251

42.5903

0

1

3

11

12

14

18

30

Dominica

15.415

-61.371

0

1

2

7

11

12

Dominican Republic

18.7357

-70.1627

0

1

2

5

11

21

34

72

112

202

245

312

392

488

581

719

859

901

1109

Ecuador

-1.8312

-78.1834

0

6

7

10

13

14

15

17

28

37

58

111

199

367

506

789

981

1082

1173

1403

1595

1823

1924

1962

2240

Egypt

26

30

0

1

2

3

15

49

55

59

60

67

80

109

110

150

196

256

285

294

327

366

402

456

495

536

576

609

656

710

El Salvador

13.7942

-88.8965

0

1

3

5

9

13

19

24

30

32

Equatorial Guinea

1.5

10

0

1

4

6

9

12

Eritrea

15.1794

39.7823

0

1

4

6

12

15

Estonia

58.5953

25.0136

0

1

2

3

10

12

16

79

115

171

205

225

258

267

283

306

326

352

369

404

538

575

645

679

715

745

Eswatini

-26.5225

31.4659

0

1

4

6

9

Ethiopia

9.145

40.4897

0

1

5

6

9

11

12

16

21

23

26

Fiji

-17.7134

178.065

0

1

2

3

4

5

Finland

64

26

0

1

2

3

6

12

15

23

30

40

59

155

225

244

277

321

336

400

450

523

626

700

792

880

958

1041

1167

1240

1352

1418

French Guiana

France

3.9339

-53.1258

0

5

7

11

15

18

20

23

28

43

French Polynesia

France

-17.6797

149.4068

0

3

6

11

15

18

25

30

36

Guadeloupe

France

16.25

-61.5833

0

1

3

6

18

27

33

45

53

58

62

73

102

106

114

Mayotte

France

-12.8275

45.1662

0

1

3

6

7

11

24

36

50

63

82

94

New Caledonia

France

-20.9043

165.618

0

2

4

8

10

14

15

16

Reunion

France

-21.1351

55.2471

0

1

5

6

7

9

12

14

28

45

64

71

94

111

135

145

183

224

247

Saint Barthelemy

France

17.9

-62.8333

0

3

1

3

5

6

St Martin

France

18.0708

-63.0501

0

2

3

4

5

8

11

15

Martinique

France

14.6415

-61.0242

0

2

3

9

15

16

19

23

32

44

53

57

66

81

93

128

Gabon

-0.8037

11.6094

0

1

3

4

5

6

7

16

Gambia

13.4432

-15.3101

0

1

2

3

4

Georgia

42.3154

43.3569

0

1

3

4

13

15

24

25

30

33

34

38

40

43

49

54

61

70

75

79

83

90

91

103

110

Ghana

7.9465

-1.0232

0

3

6

7

11

16

19

23

27

53

93

132

137

141

152

161

Greece

39.0742

21.8243

0

1

3

4

7

9

31

45

46

73

89

99

190

228

331

387

418

495

530

624

695

743

821

892

966

1061

1156

1212

1314

Grenada

12.1165

-61.679

0

1

7

9

Guatemala

15.7835

-90.2308

0

1

2

6

9

12

17

19

20

21

24

25

28

34

36

38

Guinea

9.9456

-9.6966

0

1

2

4

8

16

22

Guinea-Bissau

11.8037

-15.1804

0

2

8

Guyana

5

-58.75

0

1

4

7

19

20

5

8

12

Haiti

18.9712

-72.2852

0

2

6

7

8

15

Holy See

41.9029

12.4534

0

1

4

6

Honduras

15.2

-86.2419

0

2

3

6

8

9

12

24

26

30

36

52

68

95

110

139

141

Hungary

47.1625

19.5033

0

2

4

7

9

13

19

30

32

39

50

58

73

85

103

131

167

187

226

261

300

343

408

447

492

Iceland

64.9631

-19.0208

0

1

3

6

11

26

34

43

50

58

69

85

103

134

156

171

180

220

250

330

409

473

568

588

648

737

802

890

963

1020

1086

1135

India

21

78

0

1

2

3

5

28

30

31

34

39

43

56

62

73

82

102

113

119

142

156

194

244

330

396

499

536

657

727

887

987

1024

1251

1397

Indonesia

-0.7893

113.9213

0

2

4

6

19

27

34

69

96

117

134

172

227

311

369

450

514

579

686

790

893

1046

1155

1285

1414

1528

Iraq

33

44

0

1

5

7

13

19

26

32

35

40

54

60

71

101

110

116

124

154

164

192

208

214

233

266

316

346

382

458

506

547

630

694

Ireland

53.1424

-7.6921

0

1

2

6

18

19

21

34

43

90

129

169

223

292

557

683

785

906

1125

1329

1564

1819

2121

2415

2615

2910

3235

Israel

31

35

0

1

2

3

4

7

10

12

15

20

37

43

61

75

79

100

126

155

213

218

250

304

427

529

712

883

1071

1238

2369

2693

3035

3619

4247

4695

5358

Jamaica

18.1096

-77.2975

0

1

2

8

10

12

13

15

16

19

21

26

30

32

36

Jordan

31.24

36.51

0

1

8

17

34

52

69

85

112

127

154

172

212

235

246

259

268

274

Kazakhstan

48.0196

66.9237

0

4

6

9

10

33

35

44

49

53

60

62

72

81

111

150

228

284

302

343

Kenya

-0.0236

37.9062

0

1

3

7

15

16

25

28

31

38

42

50

59

Kosovo

42.60264

20.90298

0

71

86

91

94

112

Kuwait

29.5

47.75

0

1

11

26

43

45

56

58

61

64

69

72

80

104

112

123

130

142

148

159

176

188

189

191

195

208

225

235

255

266

289

Kyrgyzstan

41.2044

74.7661

0

3

6

14

16

42

44

58

84

94

107

Laos

19.85627

102.4955

0

2

3

6

8

9

Latvia

56.8796

24.6032

0

1

2

6

8

10

17

26

30

34

49

71

86

111

124

139

180

197

221

244

280

305

347

376

398

Lebanon

33.8547

35.8623

0

1

2

4

10

13

16

22

32

41

61

77

93

110

120

133

157

163

187

248

267

318

333

368

391

412

438

446

470

Liberia

6.4281

-9.4295

0

1

2

3

Libya

26.3351

17.22833

0

1

3

8

10

Liechtenstein

47.14

9.55

0

1

4

7

28

37

51

56

62

68

Lithuania

55.1694

23.8813

0

1

3

6

8

12

17

25

27

36

49

83

143

179

209

274

299

358

394

460

491

537

Luxembourg

49.8153

6.1296

0

1

2

3

5

7

19

34

51

59

77

140

203

335

484

670

798

875

1099

1333

1453

1605

1831

1950

1988

2178

Madagascar

-18.7669

46.8691

0

3

12

17

19

23

26

39

43

57

Malaysia

2.5

112.5

0

3

4

7

8

10

12

16

18

19

22

23

25

29

36

50

83

93

99

117

129

149

197

238

428

566

673

790

900

1030

1183

1306

1518

1624

1796

2031

2161

2320

2470

2626

2766

Maldives

3.2028

73.2207

0

4

6

8

9

10

13

16

17

18

Mali

17.57069

-3.996166

0

2

4

11

18

25

28

Malta

35.9375

14.3754

0

3

5

6

12

18

21

30

38

53

64

73

90

107

110

129

134

139

149

151

156

169

Mauritania

21.0079

10.9408

0

1

2

3

5

6

Mauritius

-20.2

57.5

0

3

12

14

28

36

42

48

81

94

102

107

128

143

Mexico

23.6345

-102.5528

0

1

4

5

6

7

8

12

26

41

53

82

93

118

164

203

251

316

367

405

475

585

717

848

993

1094

Moldova

47.4116

28.3699

0

1

3

6

12

23

30

49

66

80

94

109

125

149

177

199

231

263

298

353

Monaco

43.7333

7.4167

0

1

2

7

11

23

31

33

42

46

49

52

Mongolia

46.8625

103.8467

0

1

5

6

10

11

12

Montenegro

42.5

19.3

0

2

3

14

21

27

47

52

69

82

84

85

91

109

Morocco

31.7917

-7.0926

0

1

2

3

5

6

7

17

28

29

38

49

63

77

96

115

143

170

225

275

345

402

479

556

617

Mozambique

-18.6657

35.52956

0

1

3

5

7

8

MS Zaandam

0

2

Namibia

-22.9576

18.4904

0

2

3

4

7

8

11

Nepal

28.1667

84.25

0

1

2

3

4

5

Aruba

Netherlands

12.5186

-70.0358

0

2

3

4

5

9

12

17

28

33

46

50

55

Curacao

Netherlands

12.1696

-68.99

0

1

3

4

6

8

11

Sint Maarten

Netherlands

18.0425

-63.0548

0

1

2

3

6

Netherlands

52.1326

5.2913

0

1

6

10

18

24

38

82

128

188

265

321

382

503

804

959

1135

1413

1705

2051

2460

2994

3631

4204

4749

5560

6412

7431

8603

9762

10866

11750

12595

New Zealand

-40.9006

174.886

0

1

3

4

5

6

8

12

20

28

39

52

102

155

205

283

368

451

514

589

647

Nicaragua

12.8654

-85.2072

0

1

2

4

5

Niger

17.6078

8.0817

0

1

2

3

7

10

18

27

Nigeria

9.082

8.6753

0

1

2

3

8

12

22

30

40

44

51

65

70

89

111

131

135

North Macedonia

41.6086

21.7453

0

1

3

7

14

18

26

35

48

67

85

115

136

148

177

201

219

241

259

285

329

Norway

60.472

8.4689

0

1

6

15

19

25

32

56

87

108

147

176

205

400

598

702

996

1090

1221

1333

1463

1550

1746

1914

2118

2385

2621

2863

3084

3369

3755

4015

4284

4445

4641

Oman

21

57

0

2

4

6

12

15

16

18

19

22

24

39

48

52

55

66

84

99

109

131

152

167

179

192

Pakistan

30.3753

69.3451

0

2

4

5

6

16

19

20

28

31

53

136

236

299

454

501

730

776

875

972

1063

1201

1373

1495

1597

1717

1938

Panama

8.538

-80.7821

0

1

8

11

27

36

43

55

69

86

109

137

200

313

345

443

558

674

786

901

989

1181

Papua New Guinea

-6.315

143.9555

0

1

Paraguay

-23.4425

-58.4438

0

1

5

6

8

9

11

13

18

22

27

37

41

52

56

59

64

65

Peru

-9.19

-75.0152

0

1

6

7

11

15

28

38

43

86

117

145

234

318

363

395

416

480

580

635

671

852

950

1065

Philippines

13

122

0

1

2

3

5

6

10

20

33

49

52

64

111

140

142

187

202

217

230

307

380

462

552

636

707

803

1075

1418

1546

2084

Poland

51.9194

19.1451

0

1

5

11

16

22

31

49

68

103

119

177

238

251

355

425

536

634

749

901

1051

1221

1389

1638

1862

2055

2311

Portugal

39.3999

-8.2245

0

2

5

8

13

20

30

41

59

112

169

245

331

448

785

1020

1280

1600

2060

2362

2995

3544

4268

5170

5962

6408

7443

Qatar

25.3548

51.1839

0

1

3

7

8

15

18

24

262

320

337

401

439

452

460

470

481

494

501

526

537

549

562

590

634

693

781

Romania

45.9432

24.9668

0

1

3

4

6

9

15

25

45

49

89

123

131

158

184

260

277

308

367

433

576

794

906

1029

1292

1452

1815

2109

2245

Russia

60

90

0

2

3

4

13

17

20

28

45

59

63

90

114

147

199

253

306

367

438

495

658

840

1036

1264

1534

1836

2337

Rwanda

-1.9403

29.8739

0

1

5

7

8

17

19

36

40

41

50

54

60

70

75

Saint Kitts and Nevis

17.35782

-62.783

0

2

7

8

Saint Lucia

13.9094

-60.9789

0

1

2

3

9

13

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

12.9843

-61.2872

0

1

San Marino

43.9424

12.4578

0

1

8

10

16

21

23

36

51

62

69

80

101

109

119

144

175

187

208

223

224

230

236

Saudi Arabia

24

45

0

1

5

11

15

20

21

45

86

103

118

171

274

344

392

511

562

767

900

1012

1104

1203

1299

1453

1563

Senegal

14.4974

-14.4524

0

1

2

4

10

24

26

31

38

47

67

79

86

99

105

119

130

142

162

175

Serbia

44.0165

21.0059

0

1

5

12

19

35

46

48

55

65

83

103

135

171

222

249

303

384

457

659

741

785

900

Seychelles

-4.6796

55.492

0

2

3

4

6

7

8

10

Sierra Leone

8.460555

-11.77989

0

1

Slovakia

48.669

19.699

0

1

3

7

10

16

32

44

54

63

72

105

123

137

178

185

186

204

216

226

269

292

314

336

363

Slovenia

46.1512

14.9955

0

2

7

16

31

57

89

141

181

219

253

275

286

341

383

414

442

480

528

562

632

684

730

756

802

Somalia

5.1521

46.1996

0

1

2

3

5

South Africa

-30.5595

22.9375

0

1

3

7

13

17

24

38

51

62

116

150

202

240

274

402

554

709

927

1170

1187

1280

1326

1353

Sri Lanka

7

81

0

1

2

6

10

18

28

44

51

60

73

77

82

97

102

106

113

117

122

143

Sudan

12.8628

30.2176

0

1

2

3

5

6

7

Suriname

3.9193

-56.0278

0

1

4

5

7

8

9

Sweden

63

16

0

1

2

7

12

14

15

21

35

94

101

161

203

248

355

500

599

814

961

1022

1103

1190

1279

1439

1639

1763

1934

2046

2286

2526

2840

3069

3447

3700

4028

4435

Switzerland

46.8182

8.2275

0

1

8

18

27

42

56

90

114

214

268

337

374

491

652

1139

1359

2200

2700

3028

4075

5294

6575

7474

8795

9877

10897

11811

12928

14076

14829

15922

16605

Syria

34.80208

38.99682

0

1

5

9

10

Tanzania

-6.369

34.8888

0

1

3

6

12

13

14

19

Thailand

15

101

2

3

5

7

8

14

19

25

32

33

34

35

37

40

41

42

43

47

48

50

53

59

70

75

82

114

147

177

212

272

322

411

599

721

827

934

1045

1136

1245

1388

1524

1651

Timor-Leste

-8.874217

125.7275

0

1

Togo

8.6195

0.8248

0

1

9

16

18

20

23

25

30

34

Trinidad and Tobago

10.6918

-61.2225

0

2

4

5

7

9

49

50

51

57

60

65

66

74

78

82

87

Tunisia

34

9

0

1

2

5

7

16

18

20

24

29

39

54

60

75

89

114

173

197

227

278

312

394

Turkey

38.9637

35.2433

0

1

5

6

18

47

98

192

359

670

1236

1529

1872

2433

3629

5698

7402

9217

10827

13531

Uganda

1

32

0

1

9

14

23

30

33

44

Ukraine

48.3794

31.1656

0

1

3

7

14

16

29

47

73

97

145

196

310

356

475

548

645

United Arab Emirates

24

54

0

4

5

7

8

9

13

19

21

27

29

45

74

85

98

113

140

153

198

248

333

405

468

570

611

664

Bermuda

United Kingdom

32.3078

-64.7505

0

2

6

7

15

17

22

27

32

Cayman Islands

United Kingdom

19.3133

-81.2546

0

1

3

5

6

8

12

14

Channel Islands

United Kingdom

49.3723

-2.3644

0

1

2

3

6

11

14

32

36

46

66

88

97

108

141

Gibraltar

United Kingdom

36.1408

-5.3536

0

1

3

8

10

15

26

35

55

56

65

69

Isle of Man

United Kingdom

54.2361

-4.5481

0

1

5

13

23

25

29

32

42

49

60

Montserrat

United Kingdom

16.7425

-62.1874

0

1

5

Anguilla

United Kingdom

18.2206

-63.0686

0

2

British Virgin Islands

United Kingdom

18.4207

-64.64

0

2

3

Turks and Caicos Islands

United Kingdom

21.694

-71.7979

0

4

5

Uruguay

-32.5228

-55.7658

0

4

8

29

50

79

94

110

158

162

189

217

238

274

304

310

338

Uzbekistan

41.3775

64.5853

0

1

6

10

15

23

33

43

46

50

60

75

88

104

144

149

172

Venezuela

6.4238

-66.5897

0

2

10

17

33

36

42

70

77

84

91

107

119

135

Vietnam

16

108

0

2

6

8

10

13

14

15

16

18

30

31

38

39

47

53

56

61

66

75

85

91

94

113

123

134

141

153

163

174

188

203

212

West Bank and Gaza

31.9522

35.2332

0

4

7

16

19

26

30

31

35

38

39

41

44

47

48

52

59

84

91

98

109

116

119

Zambia

-15.4167

28.2833

0

2

3

12

16

22

28

29

35

Zimbabwe

-20

30

0

1

3

5

7

8

Child pages

PingER and COVID-19

Introduction

Milestones and Statistics

Monitoring

China and North America

Italy

Spain