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The international bandwidths for China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia and Taiwan are shown in the figure - International bandwidth - below. The statistics have been collected from Mike Jenson 10/18/07 - International bandwidth by country, Internet World Stats and ITU. They clearly show two groups of countries; those which have reasonable available resources (such as Japan ~100 Gbps aggregate, South Korea ~ 50 Gbps, Taiwan and China ~100 Gbps aggregate) and those which are lagging far behind (such as Mongolia).
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International Bandwidth | Central project of the | International bandwidth | International bandwidth |
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The central projection of the Global Internet Map 2006 shows the international internet bandwidth and is scaled by capacity. The map also shows color-coded tags, indicating the number of internet hosts per 10,000 people. Each country is color-coded according to the extent of international internet bandwidth available. The maps of central projection and international bandwidth usage per country were prepared by TeleGeography.
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RTT and Jitter | Unreachability, Loss and Throughput |
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Routing
For the sake of reference, the figure below shows major international traffic routes with at least 9 Gbps of aggregate capacity and the submarine cable map. Domestic routes are omitted. The source is TeleGeography research.
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International routes, | Submarine cable map |
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The trace route results show that generally China is directly connected with its neighbouring countries. The exceptional cases are that of the links with Vietnam and Thailand. In case of Vietnam, the traffic is routed via United Kingdom and Hong Kong, where as in case of Thailand, the traffic flows either via Hong Kong and Japan or directly.
China to China: Direct
China to Japan: China-> Japan
China to Thailand: China->Hong Kong->Japan->Thailand OR China -> Thailand
China to Indonesia: China-> Indonesia
China to Singapore: China ->Hong Kong->Japan->Singapore
China to Malaysia: China->Hong Kong->Malaysia
China to Korea: China-> Korea
China to Vietnam: China->Hong Kong-> United Kingdom->Hong Kong-> Vietnam
Looking at the trace routes from Japan to its neighbours, it is observed that traffic either flows directly or via United States, unlike China where most of the traffic to the same countries flowed via Hong Kong.
Japan to Japan: Direct
Japan to China: Japan -> United States (New York) ->Hong Kong -> China OR Japan->China
Japan to Vietnam: Japan -> Vietnam
Japan to Korea: Japan -> United States(Colorado) -> Korea_ _
Japan to Thailand: Japan -> United States(New York) -> Canada -> Thailand
Japan to Malaysia: Japan -> United States(Colorado) -> Malaysia
Japan to Singapore: Japan -> Singapore
The trace routes from South Korea to its neighbours show interesting results. Despite the fact that countries such as Vietnam, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand are in the vicinity, the traffic flows via United States, Germany and Canada unlike the case of Japan or China where the traffic mostly flows via Hong Kong.
Korea to Korea: Direct
Korea to China: Korea -> United States->Hong Kong OR Korea -> China
Korea to Thailand: Korea ->United States (Colorado -> Canada (Quebec) ->Thailand
Korea to Singapore: Korea -> United States(Colorado) -> Singapore
Korea to Japan: Korea -> Japan
Korea to Philippines: Korea -> Germany->Hong Kong->Philippines
Korea to Vietnam: Korea -> United Kingdom-> Hong Kong -> Vietnam
Taiwan to China: Taiwan -> China
Taiwan to Korea: Taiwan -> United States -> Japan -> Korea
Comparison with Human Development Indices
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min RTT as seen by PingER | Jitter as seen by PingER | Normalized Derived Throughput | Unreachability as seen by PingER |
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To verify whether the order of magnitude of the normalized derived throughput is correct we compare it with the Speedtest results. This application sends a known amount of data between your computer and servers in Australia. Then it measures throughput and besides returning the result to the user, it also saves and makes available the results by country and ISP. The correlation is shown in the figure below. The orders of magnitude of the two methods agree and there is a strong correlation.
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Median Speedtest vs PingER |
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Routing
For the sake of reference, the figure below shows major international traffic routes with at least 9 Gbps of aggregate capacity and the submarine cable map. Domestic routes are omitted. The source is TeleGeography research.
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International routes, | Submarine cable map |
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The trace route results show that generally China is directly connected with its neighbouring countries. The exceptional cases are that of the links with Vietnam and Thailand. In case of Vietnam, the traffic is routed via United Kingdom and Hong Kong, where as in case of Thailand, the traffic flows either via Hong Kong and Japan or directly.
China to China: Direct
China to Japan: China-> Japan
China to Thailand: China->Hong Kong->Japan->Thailand OR China -> Thailand
China to Indonesia: China-> Indonesia
China to Singapore: China ->Hong Kong->Japan->Singapore
China to Malaysia: China->Hong Kong->Malaysia
China to Korea: China-> Korea
China to Vietnam: China->Hong Kong-> United Kingdom->Hong Kong-> Vietnam
Looking at the trace routes from Japan to its neighbours, it is observed that traffic either flows directly or via United States, unlike China where most of the traffic to the same countries flowed via Hong Kong.
Japan to Japan: Direct
Japan to China: Japan -> United States (New York) ->Hong Kong -> China OR Japan->China
Japan to Vietnam: Japan -> Vietnam
Japan to Korea: Japan -> United States(Colorado) -> Korea_ _
Japan to Thailand: Japan -> United States(New York) -> Canada -> Thailand
Japan to Malaysia: Japan -> United States(Colorado) -> Malaysia
Japan to Singapore: Japan -> Singapore
The trace routes from South Korea to its neighbours show interesting results. Despite the fact that countries such as Vietnam, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand are in the vicinity, the traffic flows via United States, Germany and Canada unlike the case of Japan or China where the traffic mostly flows via Hong Kong.
Korea to Korea: Direct
Korea to China: Korea -> United States->Hong Kong OR Korea -> China
Korea to Thailand: Korea ->United States (Colorado -> Canada (Quebec) ->Thailand
Korea to Singapore: Korea -> United States(Colorado) -> Singapore
Korea to Japan: Korea -> Japan
Korea to Philippines: Korea -> Germany->Hong Kong->Philippines
Korea to Vietnam: Korea -> United Kingdom-> Hong Kong -> Vietnam
Taiwan to China: Taiwan -> China
Taiwan to Korea: Taiwan -> United States -> Japan -> Korea
Comparison with Human Development Indices
Often we see that there is a strong co-relation with TCP throughput and other Human Development indices such as UNDP Human Development Index, UNDP Technology Achievement Index, Network Readiness Index.
The left most figure below shows the correlation between International bandwidth (as discussed earlier) and the normalized derived PingER throughput. It can be seen that the correlation is good (R 2 ~ 0.59). It is also seen that the East Asian countries (highlighted) lie towards the top right where both the throughput and International Bandwidth are high and match with the results of countries known to have good network infrastructures. On the other hand Mongolia is an anomaly. This can be attributed to the relatively low international bandwidth and resources available per user. The loss percentages are quite prominent as well (as discussed earlier). Also, the poor RTTs (due to delays in the last few hops) contribute towards significantly low throughput values.
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International bandwidth (2005) | ITU DOI vs |
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There are many indicators of countries' development from organizations such as the International Telecommunications Union, the United Nations, the CIA, the World Bank try to classify countries by their development. They are quite challenging and require careful consideration of: what can be measured, how useful is it, how well it is defined, how it changes with time, how it changes from country to country, the cost of measuring, the time it takes to gather (to avoid being too out of date, how subjective they are etc.
Typically they are based on some combination of GDP, life expectancy, literacy, education, phone lines, Internet penetration etc. Some examples include the Human Development Index (HDI), the Digital Opportunity Index (DOI), the Opportunity Index, the Technology Achievement Index etc. In general agree with one another (R 2 ~ 0.8). More information can be found here. For this report we focus on just two, the DOI (since it is recent and covers more countries than most) and the HDI since it different from the others and focuses on the human condition.
The Digital Opportunity Index (DOI) measures countries' ICT capabilities in infrastructure, access path and device, affordability and coverage, and quality. It covers 180 countries, and has recent (data 2005, announced in 2006). There are 11 indicators: that cover mobile telephony coverage, Internet tariffs, #computers, fixed line phones, mobile subscribers, Internet users all in relation to the population of the country. A figure of the correlation with the normalized derived PingER throughput is shown in the figure above. The correlation is fairly good. Again nearly all countries show significantly high values of throughput in comparison to DOI except for the case of Mongolia and China.
"The Human Development Index (HDI) is the measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standard of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to determine and indicate whether a country is a developed, developing, or underdeveloped country and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life." from Wikipedia.
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UNDP HDI vs | GDP/capita vs |
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The figure above shows the correlation between the HDI and the normalized derived PingER throughput for the world and East Asian countries, and the PingER throughputs per East Asian country. The correlation is seen to be strong (R 2~ 0.56). It is also seen that except for Mongolia, all East Asian countries feature equally high throughput as compared to the HDI. Also, all conform to the trend maintained by the countries in general. Additionally, a comparison of loss percentage (as seen from the US) to DOI and Purchasing Power Parity (GDP/capita) to Unreachability confirms that nearly all the East Asian countries perform well and perform equal well or better than other leading countries such as Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, France etc.
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ITU DOI vs loss % as | GDP/capita vs Unreachability |
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Conclusions
To be addedOften we see that there is a strong co-relation with TCP throughput and other Human Development indices such as UNDP Human Development Index, UNDP Technology Achievement Index, Network Readiness Index.