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We found two hosts in Maldives, (the traceroute results showed that the second last hop was through Itlay). The site has been added to the PingER Guthrie database. Later on we came to know by Guarab that at the start of 2007 the Maldives were connected through the SMW4 fibre as a result of collaboration between Dhiraagu and Telecom Italia Sparkle. There is an interesting report on Maldives Internet Connectivity at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/cs/maldives/material/CS_MDV_part3.pdf
Here is a press release from Telecom Italia Sparkle http://www.telecomitaliasparkle.com/press_info/press_info_index/event17.htm

Nepal

A See  Information and Communication Technology in Nepal updated in 2007. An earlier presentation about the internet connectivity in Nepal can be found  here. Recently  Recently Nepal Telecom struck a deal with Indian BSNL so now the land locked Nepal will have access via optical fibre. It will (expected project execution date, end 2007) run 900km East-West along the Anriko highway with 16 nodes between Kathmandu and Tatopani. There are plans for 115km link to China which will provide a second international access link. But still most of the sites are on VSAT. Here is the complete story. Some initial projects are being planned for the New Fiber  (the first one  probably be on IPv6) - but it's   being monopolized by the incumbent telcos on both sides (Nepal telecom and BSNL). The application for fiber connection between  Bharati BT India and Nepal telecom as well as between private  operators is stuck somewhere in the bureaucracy. We think the policy will be known sometime middle of this year. There is also a Nepal Wireless Project using 802.11b to introduce villagers to IT.

Out of the nodes that PingER monitors in Nepal one is connected through Indian BSNL (koshi.ioe.edu.np) with a average RTT of 330 ms. The other one is connected directly to New York through a Satellite link (most.gov.np) with an average RTT of  550 ms. Our HostSearcher tool found 25 sites in Nepal with min RTT > 500 ms, so these results indicate that still most of the country is dependent on satellite link.Some initial projects are being planned for the New Fiber  (the first one  probably be on IPv6) - but it's   being monopolized by the incumbent telcos on both sides (nepal 
telecom and BSNL). the application for fiber connection between  Bharati BT India and Nepal telecom as well as between private  operators is stuck somewhere in the bureaucracy. We think the policy will be known sometime middle of this year.  

Afghanistan 

PingER has three three sites in Afghanistan that are monititored and they were quite hard to get. For example the Kabul University host is a firewall that does not have stable power and so is usually turned off at night. Also these sites have minimum RTTs greater than 700 ms which indicates that they are all on satellite. The Kabul host is connected via the Silk Road satellite that passes through DESY, Germany. The other two are connected via Telia a European ISP. On March 10, 2003, Afghanistan went live on the Web which was previous banned under the Taliban rule. The Internet infrastructure in Afghanistan is immature and the pricing for internet is quite high.

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India has rapidly moved forward towards advanced network infrastructure (i.e. a backbone like Abilene and possibly CENIC-like organization which our Indian colleagues refer to as SPV: special purpose vehicle). The Indian Prime Minister has accepted the National Knowledge Commission recommendations and efforts are on to create a CENIC like organization to provide the shared gigabit optical fiber backbone to all RENs including ERNET, Garuda, science and technology research network and medical research and education network among others. The recommendation letter from the Knowledge Commission may be found at http://www.knowledgecommission.gov.in/recommendations/networks.asp and the report on the National Knowledge Network by Dr. D.P.S. Seth at http://www.knowledgecommission.gov.in/downloads/documents/er_nknet.pdf. Below are shown the current deployment of the Garuda and ERNET networks in India.

Sri Lanka 

The Lanka Education And Research Network (LEARN) is the NREN (National Research and Education Network) of Sri Lanka, which interconnects Educational and Research institutions across the country. LEARN is currently in the process of upgrading the link bandwidths to 16 of its sites to 10Mbps over optical fiber. Several links have already been upgraded, and the remaining links will be upgraded by June 2007. This upgrade was made possible with the World Bank funded IRQUE Project providing funds for 10 of the 16 links.